Interactive learning modules provide an inexpensive, readily available complementary tool to facilitate understanding of important, but sometimes complex, topics and concepts in cardiopulmonary physiology. These software modules are intended for use by students and residents who are studying medical physiology. This module,UNDERSTANDING CARDIAC PRESSURE-VOLUME LOOPS, explains the main physiological aspects of cardiac pressure-volume loops and their relationship to ventricular, atrial and arterial pressures, afterload, preload and cardiac contractility. It offers interactive questions together with graphical representations that can be experimentally altered by the student. Questions are both qualitative and quantitative to reinforce basic concepts. A multiple choice practice test is provided with explanations that should be very useful to prepare for the "real thing" in your various programs. The module CARDIAC AND VASCULAR FUNCTION CURVES, explains physical and physiological aspects of cardiac and vascular function curves and their interactions. This importatant topic of cardiovascular physiology is presented in a systematic fashion with descriptions of basic and advanced concepts needed to understand physiological and pathological changes in cardiac and vascular function. A multiple choice practice test is provided with full explanations that should be very useful to solidify your understanding and prepare for the "real thing".You may add this additional module to your cart after selecting the PVLOOPS module.